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Ruby

Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted programming language known for its elegant and readable syntax. It prioritizes developer happiness and productivity by emphasizing simplicity and expressiveness. Ruby follows an object-oriented programming paradigm and offers features like dynamic typing, garbage collection, and automatic memory management. It provides a rich standard library and a vibrant ecosystem of community-driven gems (libraries) that extend its functionality.

Module 1: Introduction to Ruby

Ruby Basics

Ruby is a dynamic, open-source, object-oriented programming language developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto. It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write.

puts 'Hello, Ruby!'

Variables and Data Types in Ruby

Ruby supports a number of variable types and data structures, including strings, numbers, arrays, and hashes.

name = 'Ruby'
age = 25
books = ['The Ruby Way', 'Programming Ruby']
info = { 'name' => 'Ruby', 'creator' => 'Matsumoto' }

Control Structures in Ruby

Ruby provides several control structures, including if...else conditionals and while and for loops.

if age > 18
	puts 'You are an adult.'
else
	puts 'You are a minor.'
end

Module 2: Object-Oriented Programming in Ruby

Classes and Objects in Ruby

In Ruby, everything is an object. Each object is an instance of a class, which defines a combination of state (variables) and methods.

class Book
	attr_accessor :title, :author
	def initialize(title, author)
		@title = title
		@author = author
	end
end
book = Book.new('Programming Ruby', 'Dave Thomas')

Inheritance in Ruby

Ruby supports single inheritance where a class can inherit features from another class, known as the superclass.

class Novel < Book
	attr_accessor :genre
	def initialize(title, author, genre)
		super(title, author)
		@genre = genre
	end
end
novel = Novel.new('The Great Gatsby', 'F. Scott Fitzgerald', 'Fiction')

Mixins in Ruby

Ruby does not support multiple inheritance but provides a powerful feature called a mixin, which is a way to share functionality between classes without duplicating code.

module Describable
	def describe
		puts 'This is a ' + self.class.to_s.downcase + '.'
	end
end
class Book
	include Describable
end
book = Book.new
book.describe

Module 3: Advanced Ruby Concepts

Blocks, Procs, and Lambdas in Ruby

Ruby supports closures in the form of blocks, procs, and lambdas. They are code snippets that can be created at one point, stored in a variable, and then executed at a later point.

def block_example
	yield if block_given?
end
block_example { puts 'Hello from the block!' }

Exception Handling in Ruby

Ruby uses a system of exception classes to handle errors or other exceptional conditions. You can raise your own exceptions and handle them using the raise and rescue keywords.

begin
	raise 'An error occurred'
rescue => e
	puts e.message
end

Metaprogramming in Ruby

Metaprogramming is a technique by which you can write code that writes code. In Ruby, this is often used to eliminate redundancy and make code more dynamic.

class Book
	attr_accessor :title, :author
end
book = Book.new
book.title = 'Programming Ruby'